Natural Sweeteners
Steviol glycosides
Steviol glycosides, inozivikanwawo se stevia glycosides kana stevia sugar, ndeyemuzvarirwo isiri-zvinovaka muviri zvinotapira zveboka reglycoside. Vanobviswa uye vakanatswa kubva pamashizha emuti we stevia (Stevia repens), chirimwa che herbaceous mumhuri yeAsteraceae. Iwo diterpenoid glycosides, chena kana zvishoma yero isina kunhuhwirira crystalline poda ine molecular formula C38H60O18. Kunyunguduka kwavo kunosvika 196-202 dhigirii, ine calorific kukosha kwe 0. Inenge yakapetwa ka300 inotapira kupfuura sucrose, ine zvishoma zvishoma uye zvinonaka zvinonaka, uye kutapira kunowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Steviol glycosides inonyungudika mumvura uye ethanol, hygroscopic, uye ine kusimba kwekupisa kwekushisa, zvichiita kuti zviome kuora.
Monk muchero glycosides ndiwo chaiwo triterpenoid glycoside zvinotapira. Chikamu chavo chinotapira iC60H102O29 · H2O, ine 5 glucose yakasara. Izvo zvinogadzirwa nekubviswa kubva kune monk muchero nemvura kana 50% ethanol, inoteverwa nekufungisisa, kuomesa, uye recrystallization. Monk fruit glycosides machena ecrystalline powders ane nzvimbo yakanyunguduka ye197-201℃(inoora). Iwo anotapira zvakapetwa ka260 pane sucrose, ane kutapira kwenguva refu uye inovava aftertaste inoyeuchidza steviol glycosides.
Glycyrrhizin, inozivikanwawo se glycyrrhizin, ine molecular formula C42H62O16. Iyo chena crystalline poda ine kunyunguduka kwe220℃(inoora), iyo calorific kukosha kwe0, uye kutapira ka200 kune sucrose. Iine kanguva inovava inonaka. Licorice inobvisa inonyungudika zvishoma mumvura uye inonatsa ethanol mhinduro, asi inonyungudika nyore mumvura inopisa. Iyo haina kusimba acidic uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kusimudzira nekuvandudza kutapira, uye kugadzirisa flavour. Kana ikashandiswa pamwe chete nesodium saccharin uye nucleic acid{10}yakabva pakunhuhwirira, ine synergistic mhedzisiro pakutapira nekunaka. Zvigadzirwa zvinowanikwa mukutengesa iammonium yayo kana potassium munyu.
Xylitol, inozivikanwawo sepentapentyl doro, ine molecular formula C5H12O5. Yakachena xylitol ichena crystalline poda ine kunyunguduka kwe92-96 degree. Iine kugadzikana kwakanaka kwekushisa, calorific kukosha kwe17 kJ / g, uye kutapira 0.65-1.05 nguva ye sucrose. Iine kuravira kunozorodza kana ichidyiwa zvakananga. Sezvinoita kutapira kwekuzadza, xylitol inogona kupa chimiro uye vhoriyamu kuchikafu uye ine mabasa akadai sekudzivirira kuora kwemazino, kusakonzera kushanduka kwemazinga eshuga yeropa, uye kusimudzira kukura kwemaruva anobatsira emudumbu. Xylitol inhibisa mbiriso kukura uye kuvirisa basa; saka, haina kukodzera chikafu chinoda mbiriso yekuvirisa. Kunyanya kunwa xylitol kunogona kukonzera kusagadzikana kwemudumbu kana manyoka. Iine kuravira kunozorodza uye inogona kuvandudza kunaka kana yakasanganiswa nezvimwe zvinotapira. Iyo ine mhedzisiro yakakosha pakugadzirisa kuravira uye kunhuwa, uye kutapira kwayo kwakanakawo kana yakashandiswa ne saccharin uye acesulfame potassium, masking zvisingafadzi zvinonaka uye zvinonaka zvinowanzobatanidzwa neakasimba zvinotapira. Kunyanya kunwa erythritol kunogona kukonzera manyoka uye kuzvimba.
Natural Derivative Sweeteners
Sucralose
Sucralose, inozivikanwawo se trichlorogalactosucrose kana sucralose, ndeye trichloro inotorwa kubva ku sucrose. Yayo molecular formula ndeye C12H19O8Cl3. Icrystalline poda chena ine kunyunguduka kwe125℃uye calorific value ye0. Inotapira zvakapetwa ka600 pane sucrose, ine pure, sucrose -sekutapira, isina kunakirwa, uye haikonzeri kuora kwemazino kana kuchinja kweshuga muropa. Sucralose ine yakanakisa kunyungudika uye kugadzikana, uye inogona kuderedza kuvava uye munyu kuravira; inogona kuvharidzira zvinonaka zvisingafadzi zvakadai seastringency, bitterness, uye doro rinonaka; uye inogona kuwedzera zvinonhuwira uye mukaka.
Alitame, kemikari inozivikanwa se aspartic acid alanine, idipeptide sweetener ine molecular formula C14H25N3O4S·2.5H2O. Ihwo hupfu huchena hwekristaro, hunotapira kakapetwa ka2000 pane sucrose uye kutapira kakapetwa kagumi pane aspartame (APM). Haisi{10}zvinonaka zvinonaka zvine muto wakafanana ne sucrose, isina aftertaste kana metallic astringency, uye haisi{11}}hygroscopic. Inonyungudika nyore mumvura uye ethanol, yakagadzikana zvakanyanya, uye ine kupisa kwakanaka uye kusamira kweasidhi. Yakagadzikana zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzine pH 5-8. Pasi pemamiriro ekubika, alitame yakagadzikana kupfuura aspartame, ichichengetedza zvakanakira aspartame uku ichikunda zvipingamupinyi zvayo. Alitame haina kukodzera kushandiswa muchingwa uye zvinwiwa zvinodhaka.
Artificial Sweeteners: Neotame. Neotame inotorwa neaspartame inoumbwa nekuwedzera boka re hydrophobic kune aspartame molecule. Zita rayo remakemikari rinongori dimethyl ethyl aspartate, ine molecular formula C20H30N2O5. Iyo ichena crystalline powder, asi kazhinji monohydrate inowanikwa, ine empirical molecular formula C20H30N2O5 · H2O, nzvimbo yakanyunguduka ye80.9-83.4 degree, uye haina kuora. Neotame inotapira ka30–60 kupfuura aspartame uye 6000–10000 nguva inotapira kupfuura sucrose. Inochengeta zvakawanda zvemhando yepamusoro zveaspartame, zvakaita sekutapira chaiko, kugovera kuravira kwakanaka uye kunhuwirira{19}}zvinosimudzira, hakuna macalorie, uye hakuna cariogenicity. Neotame monohydrate haisi-hygroscopic. Munzvimbo dzine acidic, neotame inoratidza kugadzikana kwakafanana neaspartame; zvisinei, pasi pekusarerekera pH mamiriro kana pasi penguva pfupi tembiricha yakakwira, neotame yakanyanya kugadzikana kupfuura aspartame, ichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kushandiswa uko aspartame isina kukodzera, senge muzvinhu zvakabikwa.
Saccharin, kemikari inozivikanwa seo{0}}sulfonylbenzoimide, ine molecular formula C7H5O3NS, kunyunguduka kwe228-230 degree, uye ikristaro isina ruvara kana hupfu chena. Kutapira kwayo kunosvika ka500 kune ye sucrose. Saccharin inozivikanwawo se insoluble saccharin kana saccharin acid. Izvo zvinowanzonzi saccharin ndeye sodium saccharin, iyo sodium munyu we saccharin, ine molecular formula C7H4O3NSNa · 2H2O. Inonyungudika zviri nyore mumvura uye inozivikanwawo sesoluble saccharin. Inoratidzika seisina ruvara kune white orthorhombic plate-sekristaro, isinganhuhwi kana kuti ine kamunhuhwi kadiki, haigone kugadzirwa mumuviri wemunhu, ine calorific value ye0, uye mushonga wayo une aqueous unovava mushure mekuravira. Cyclamate, kemikari inozivikanwa se cyclohexylsulfamic acid, ine molecular formula C6H13NO3S. Iro jena crystalline poda ine kunyunguduka kwe 169-170℃uye calorific kukosha kwe 0. Kutapira kwayo kunosvika 40-50 nguva ye sucrose. cyclamate inowanikwa mune zvekutengesa ndiyo sodium yayo kana calcium munyu, inoratidzika seyakajeka kana machena makristasi. Iyo inopisa-yakadzikama, haina-hygroscopic, inonyungudika zviri nyore mumvura, haina kunaka kunofadza, uye inovhara kuvava. Cyclamate inowanzo shandiswa ne saccharin, kazhinji muchiyero che10: 1, kuve nechokwadi kutapira kwakaenzana uye kuwirirana masking yezvisingafadzi zvinonaka, nekudaro kuvandudza hunhu hwekuravira. Panewo mishumo yekusawirirana pakati pecyclamate, saccharin, neaspartame. 1.4.4 Acesulfame K Acesulfame K, inozivikanwawo seAK sugar, ine zita remakemikari acesulfame potassium, ine molecular formula C4H4SKNO4. Chigadzirwa chakachena chichena, oblique crystalline poda ine nzvimbo yakanyunguduka ye123 degree. Inotanga kuora kupfuura 225 degree, ine calorific value ye0, uye inotapira ka150 kupfuura sucrose. Iine kunakidza kunotapira kunotapira kusina kunakidza shure uye inogona kusanganiswa nezvimwe zvinotapira. Acesulfame K inonyungudika zviri nyore mumvura uye inogadzikana pakupisa uye asidhi.